In the last twenty years Romania has been striking for the remarkable number of political parties that make up the heterogeneous populist forces in the country. In an attempt to explain the capacity of this genre of populism to reinvent itself in various forms, the analysis sketches out a classification of the various populist formulas of Romanian post-communism, looking both at the genealogical aspects and at the mechanisms of post-communism that encourage its growth. It points to an osmosis between populism’s strong roots and the weaknesses of democracy, in the sense that we cannot define what is the cause of what. It seems that the mixture of post-communist democracy, which is still being consolidated, and the populist genre has achieved a certain balance. There is a symbiosis between dêmos and éthnos and the visibility of the leader as strategies for going beyond the classical forms of mediation. Although populism is subject to constant criticism, no structural obstacle can be found, and populist deviations have now become mainstream procedures.only subscribers can see the full article

There is a review of the various aspects of the relations between bodies wielding political power and administrative managers, as they emerge from Italian regulations, compared with the situation in other European countries, bringing out their salient characteristics and the main problematic features. Although there are clearly limits to the legal- legislative solutions we can propose for the critical elements of the state of management in its relations with political authority – deriving basically from general institutional data, cultural factors and the modus operandi of those directly involved in the situation – the essay indicates the general lines of a possible revision of the present discipline in the matter.only subscribers can see the full article