Unofficial immigration is difficult to define precisely as it depends on national legislation, which in turn differs from country to country and is often ambiguous. It has many different causes: the attractions of economic systems and labour markets; the institutional creation of illegality by regulatory systems that raise the necessary requirements for legal entry and for staying in the country; the lack of necessary resources if repressive policies are to be more effective; the “liberal obligation” requiring democratic states to respect human rights and welcome refugees; the action of humanitarian lobbies; the bypassing of the rules and the favouring of entries by the networks of relatives and fellow-countrymen. Despite all the rhetoric, this makes necessary manoeuvres of various kinds designed to bring out the hidden part of the immigrant population: 23 out of 27 countries in the European Union have adopted them in the last ten years and at least 5 million people have regularized their status.only subscribers can see the full article

In recent years migration has become one of the most significant aspects of present-day society, at the level of legislation, in political debate, and in the social and cultural imagination. In this dispersion and contradiction of interests the concrete reality of the migrants themselves (the real persons and their stories) tends to disappear to the point of not being recognized as a “transversal people” with inviolable human rights. Citizenship epidemiology is proposed as an operative tool that can give them back genuine visibility, which is the premise for them being able to enjoy their rights.only subscribers can see the full article

After explaining the links between reproductive freedom and wo-men’s individuation dynamics, the author discusses reproductive rights as rights of citizenship. She focuses on reproductive freedom as a crystallization of the demand for political, civil and social rights and their transformation from rights of citizenship into human rights in the framework of the international conferences organized by the United Nations.only subscribers can see the full article